ABSTRACT
Harnessing the patient's own immune system against an established cancer has proven to be a successful strategy. Within the last years, several antibodies blocking critical "checkpoints" that control the activation of T cells, the immune cells able to kill cancer cells, have been approved for the use in patients with different tumours. Unfortunately, these cases remain a minority. Over the last years, radiotherapy has been reported as a means to turn a patient's own tumour into an in situ vaccine and generate anti-tumour T cells in patients who lack sufficient anti-tumour immunity. Indeed, review data show that the strategy of blocking multiple selected immune inhibitory targets in combination with radiotherapy has the potential to unleash powerful anti-tumour responses and improve the outcome of metastatic solid tumours. Here, we review the principal tumours where research in this field has led to new knowledge and where radioimmunotherapy becomes a reality.
Subject(s)
Neoplasms/therapy , Radioimmunotherapy/methods , Humans , Neoplasms/immunology , Neoplasms/pathology , PrognosisABSTRACT
AIM: To compare soft-tissue dissolution by sodium hypochlorite, with an EDTA intermediate rinse, with or without activation with passive ultrasonic activation (PUI) or sonic activation using the Endoactivator (EA) or Eddy tips (ED). METHODOLOGY: The root canals of eighty-three human maxillary central incisors were chemo-mechanically prepared and the teeth split. A standardized longitudinal intracanal groove was created in one of the root halves. Eighty-three porcine palatal mucosa samples were collected, adapted to fit into the grooves and weighed. The re-assembled specimens were randomly divided into four experimental groups (n = 20), based on the final rinse: no activation; EA; PUI; ED, using 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, with an EDTA intermediate rinse. A control group (n = 3) was irrigated with distilled water without activation. The solutions were delivered using a syringe and needle 2 mm from working length. Total irrigation time was 150 s, including 60 s of activation in the specific groups. The study was carried out at 36 ± 2 °C. The porcine palatal mucosa samples were weighed after completion of the assays. Student paired t-test and anova were used to assess the intra- and intergroup weight changes. The multiple comparisons were evaluated using Bonferroni correction (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Weight loss occurred in all experimental groups. Irrigant activation resulted in greater weight loss when compared to the nonactivated group [vs. EA (P = 0.001); vs. PUI (P < 0.001); vs. ED (P < 0.001)]. No significant differences were found amongst the different activation systems. CONCLUSIONS: Activation increased the tissue-dissolving activity of irrigants from artificial grooves in root canals of maxillary central incisors.
Subject(s)
Dental Pulp Cavity/drug effects , Edetic Acid/pharmacology , Sodium Hypochlorite/pharmacology , Dental Pulp Cavity/anatomy & histology , Dental Pulp Cavity/radiation effects , Humans , Incisor , Root Canal Preparation/methods , Sound , UltrasonicsABSTRACT
Desde el ámbito jurídico la protección del mayor dependiente es tratada de manera diversa mediante mecanismos contenidos en diversas legislaciones. Este sistema es debido a la multiplicidad de medidas en el orden penal, civil, social, asistencial, etc., que cada uno de estos bloques jurídicos ofrece como solución a este problema. La desventaja de este estado de cosas es clara puesto que falta conexión entre las diversas medidas que un Juez puede adoptar en los supuestos de desprotección del mayor dependiente. Si bien la solución sería la existencia de dicho Estatuto integral, en el presente Artículo vamos a tratar las medidas más efectivas para paliar esta problemática tanto en el ámbito civil como en el penal (AU)
Subject(s)
Aged , Humans , Health of the Elderly , Elder Abuse/legislation & jurisprudence , Legislation as Topic , Aged Rights , Homes for the Aged/legislation & jurisprudence , Health Services for the Aged/legislation & jurisprudenceABSTRACT
The purpose of our trial was to assess the arterial blood gases changes, during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGE), among subjects younger than sixty years without cardiopulmonary disorders or smoking habits, with or without sedation with i.v. midazolam. After informed consent, sixty five patients (29 males and 36 females), whose ages ranged between 16 and 59 years (average 37.5 years) were randomly assigned to two groups (I and II) of 40 and 25 patients, respectively. Group I, underwent UGE without sedation and arterial blood gases from a right radial arterial sample were determined before and during the procedure. Group II underwent UGE with sedation and arterial blood gases from a right radial arterial sample were determined, before sedation, after sedation with i.v. midazolam at a dosage of 0.05 mg/kg, and during the procedure. In group I 55% of patients showed hypoxemia: PO2 decreased 10 mmhg (mean) and oxygen saturation in 1.45%. In group II, 64% of patients showed hypoxemia after sedation, and before UGE, the decrease being even more notorious during the procedure. The PO2 decreased 18.8 mmhg (mean) and oxygen saturation in 3.3% (p 0.001). In both groups no significative changes in PCO2,pH or respiratory rate were observed. However the depth of thorax respiratory expansion was clinically decreased in 70% of patients of group II. We concluded that hypoxaemia occurred during UGE, in previously asymptomatic, middle-age, non smokers patient, without history of cardiac or pulmonary disease. Major changes were observed in subjects sedated with midazolam (p 0.001).
